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Agency vs. Independent Surrogacy in the US

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Overview - Top 3 trends from SurrogateFirst

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#1: Higher pay, different trade-offs
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#2 Match times vary dramatically
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#3 Support shapes the journey

About this survey

Methodology

  • All data and insights captured via online survey
  • 2023 survey completion captured from January 18, 2023 to February 24, 2023
  • Overall sample size / n = 168 completions
  • Please note that we ran a similar survey from December 6 to December 30, 2019 that had a sample size / n = 193 completions.
  • We will at times compare 2023 results with 2019 results if they are applicable and provide trending insights.

Contents

01.
Executive Summary

Surrogate Happiness

  • Agency managed surrogates “overall” had the most satisfied journeys and the most likely to embark on a repeat journey. 88% reported
    having a “satisfied” journey and 85% stating they would consider becoming a repeat surrogate. Those stating that they would “definitely consider”
    was very high, 68%, reflecting the positive experience they had with the most recent journey.
  • Agency surrogates have better surrogacy experiences over independent journeys. In almost all aspects of the journey agency surrogates reported
    higher satisfaction especially in the steps of legal, medical clinic dealings and IP interactions. This is no surprise as this is where agency services play the most
    important role and value in supporting a smooth journey.

Surrogate Preferences & Trends

  • Agency Surrogates exhibit strongest motivations to help start a family. Although all surrogates exhibit strong motivation to help start families, agency surrogate
    motivations are much stronger compared to independent surrogates.
  • Independent journeys on the rise. More than ½ of independent journeys led by IPs were first time surrogates compared to only 23% for agency led surrogacies.
  • Independent journeys lack critical family support. Only 15% of independent journeys led by IPs had “very supportive” family compared to 66% for agency
    surrogates. Furthermore, independent journeys led by IPs reported 30% had “unsupportive” family raising serious red flags for mental health issues and post pregnancy challenges.
  • Surrogates managed by an agency were more likely to have “Termination at IP discretion” stance. Independent IP led journeys reported a 90% termination
    stance based on “doctor recommended only”, so it seems this may have been more a requirement for independent IP led journeys.
  • Agency match times are fastest with 47% matched in first 3 months, and 78% within 6 months. In contrast, 40% of independent surrogates had to wait over 6
    months or longer to be matched. Agencies usually have many qualified IPs ready to be matched while independent surrogates rely on own resources to find IPs.
  • Agency surrogacy transfer pregnancy rates have higher rates of success, 69% vs 41%-45% compared to independent journeys. This could be attributed to higher rate of egg donor cycles with higher embryo quality with agency journeys, or could be due to the increased support of the agency and more stringent requirements to become a surrogate leading to better outcomes.
  • Independent surrogates prefer to carry for US based and non-same sex IPs. Only 3%-5% independent surrogates actually carried for same-se IPs, however they reported at a much higher rate of 25%-31% a willingness to carry for same-sex reflecting the challenges that they face in finding same-sex IPs. The same can be said for challenges faced with matching with international IPs.

Surrogate Compensation & Benefits

  • Independent surrogates most satisfied with their compensation but at a huge cost. Independent surrogates were paid the most on average, up to 25% more, and were slightly more satisfied than agency managed surrogates at 94%-95%. However, they received substantially less benefits both cash and non-cash, and suffer from much higher rates of mental health challenges – up to 10x more compared to agency managed surrogates.
  • Independent surrogates are paid more but at the expense of unbalanced compensation ranges. Independent surrogates were compensated up to 25% more with a broad range of compensation – 15% below $30K and 30% over $60K. In contrast, agency managed surrogate compensation ranges are narrow with 70% between $30K-$50K based on clear expectations.
  • Agency managed surrogate receive additional benefits and services worth $20K-$30K+. Agency managed surrogates received more benefits in all categories of
    cash benefits (mainly bonuses and allowances), as well as non-

Surrogate Post Pregnancy & Postpartum Health

  • Post Pregnancy Crisis Among All Independent Surrogates. 74%-80% of independent surrogates reported post-pregnancy struggles. The rates of occurrence is alarmingly high as they are 3x (mental health issues) to 7x (physical health issues) more prevalent than experienced by agency managed surrogates.
  • Independent surrogates suffer from higher rates of postpartum blues. They have the highest occurrence of 36% of postpartum challenges with the highest rates of anxiety (34%) and depression (31%). This is in stark contrast to agency managed surrogate rates of anxiety (3%) and depression (9%), respectively.

02.
Methodology

  • All data and insights captured via online survey
  • 2023 survey completion captured from January 18, 2023 to February 24, 2023
  • Overall sample size / n = 168 completions
  • Please note that we ran a similar survey from December 6 to December 30, 2019 that had a sample size / n = 193 completions.
  • We will at times compare 2023 results with 2019 results if they are applicable and provide trending insights.

03.
Surrogate Pre Journey: Motivations & Preferences

How important were each of the following factors in terms of choosing to be a surrogate: The desire to help a couple have a family

Surrogates, who had an agency manage their journey, were60% more likely to cite “The desire to help a couple have a family” as Very important versus Independents.
Agency was at 88% versus 53% for Independent and 55% for Independent with IP in lead.

1.Surrogate desire to help couple have family

How important were each of the following factors in terms of choosing to be a surrogate: The compensation for being a surrogate

Compensation for being a surrogate was Very important 52% of the time. This was 148% more than Agency and 246% more than Independent with IP in lead.
Adding Important and Very Important equals:

  • 93% for Independent
  • 80% for Independent with IP in lead
  • 71% for Agency
2.Compensation for being a surrogate

How important were each of the following factors in terms of choosing to be a surrogate: The desire to bear a child

On average, the desire to bear a child was Important 82% of the time.

  • 95% for Independent with IP in lead
  • 81% for Agency
  • 79% for Independent
3.Surrogate desire to bear child

How important were each of the following factors in terms of choosing to be a surrogate: Personal experience with infertility in my personal network

Personal experience with infertility in my personal network Important 80% of the time for Independent with IP in the lead.
This drops to 64% for Independents and 63% for Agency.

4.Surrogate personal experience with infertility in network

How important were each of the following factors in terms of choosing to be a surrogate: Calling to help others in need

Agency surrogates cited 74% of the time the Calling to help others in need as Very important. This was 35% higher than Independent with IP in lead.
The lowest was Independent at 36%, which is 51% lower than Agency.

5.Surrogate calling to help

During your most recent journey, what best describes the area you lived?

Surrogates managed by agencies tend to live less in cities and more in the suburbs and rural settings compared to independent surrogates.
Independent with IP in lead were overwhelming City dwellers 4 out of 5 times.

6.Surrogate area vs independent or agency

Have you ever been a surrogate?

Upward trend of independent journeys with IPs in the lead.
In the last year, there is a growing number of surrogates who managed their surrogacy independently with the IPs in lead.

7.Even been a surrogate

How supportive was your immediate family initially?

Surrogates managed by an agency felt that their immediate family was at least 40% more supportive than Independents.
Most agencies require a strong family network to qualify as a surrogate.
Independent with IP in lead journeys had 30% of family that were unsupportive, which is concerning. Independent journeys also reported 11% as unsupportive.

8.Surrogate immediate family support

What is your termination stance?

90% of Independent with IP in the lead cite Termination for major life threatening medical reasons, doctor recommended only, which is about 2x the rate of Agency and Independent.
Surrogates managed by an agency were more likely to have “Termination at IP discretion” stance at 44%.

9.Surrogate termination stance

What is your outlook on COVID-19 vaccination?

Independent with IP in lead are most likely to be vaccinated at 75%.
Surrogates in general are vaccinated at a lower rate than the adult US population at 67% versus 79.1% of the US population adult population who completed the primary series*.

10.Surrogate outlook covid vaccination

04.
The surrogacy journey

How long was it from the time you decided to become a surrogate until you were matched with a family?

Agency managed journey match times were the fastest (Less than 3 months). Agency was 38% faster than Independent and 88% faster than Independent with IP in lead.
Matches for Agency were completed 78% of the time within 6 months.
In contrast, it was 58% for Independent and 60% for Independent with IP in lead for matches completed within 6 months.

11.Surrogate matching time

How many attempts were required before you successfully became pregnant?

Agency managed journeys had the highest single transfer success rate of 69%.
The success rate jumps to 91% after two attempts.
This could be attributed to the fact that egg donation is more prevalent in agency journeys, which have higher embryo quality.

12.Surrogate attemps numbers to get pregnant

What types of intended parents (IPs) were you willing to work with?

Surrogates who managed their journey with an Agency, are the most open-minded when it comes to types of IPs they would work with.
In particular, Agency is 113% and 164% more willing to work with a Same sex couple than Independent and Independent with IP in lead, respectively.

13.What type of IP for surrogate

What type of intended parents (IPs) did you work with?

Agency managed surrogates are 5x to 10x more likely to have worked with same sex couples.
On the other hand, independent surrogates worked more often with Single parents.

14.Surrogate final choice IP

Were the intended parent(s) living in the United States or outside the United States?

Independent IPs overwhelmingly carried for Domestic US IPs.
In contrast, close to half, 44%, agency managed surrogates worked with international IPs.
Besides independent surrogate preferences, language and culture barrier may impede the ability to match with international IPs.

15.Surrogate IP national vs international

How satisfied were you with your most recent surrogacy experience (overall)?

Surrogates who used an Agency were the most satisfied with their experience than those who managed their surrogacy independently.
Satisfaction by journey management:

  • Agency: 89%
  • Independent: 81%
  • Independent with IP in lead: 65%

Independent surrogate journey led by IP were the least satisfied by a wide margin.

16.Surrogate overall satisfaction

How satisfied were you with each of the following aspects of your most recent surrogacy experience?

Surrogates managed by an agency were more satisfied with most aspects of the experience, particularly with the legal aspects, clinic dealings, and IP interactions.
Independent beat out Agency for The birth experience preparation and at time delivery and The post birth and postpartum experience.
Independent with IP in the lead never ranked first in any category.

17.Surrogate satisfaction aspects

How satisfied were you with: Dealing with the intended parents for whom you were a surrogate?

Large majority, 86%, of surrogates managed by an agency were
satisfied with dealing with their IPs. This is much higher than those
who managed their surrogacy independently.
Only 55% of independent surrogates led by IP had satisfied dealings with IP.
Surprisingly, 10%-15% of independent surrogates reported being unsatisfied with their dealings with IP. This can result in stress, anxietym and burden to the surrogacy journey.

18.Surrogate satisfaction with IP relationship

How satisfied were you with: Dealing with the clinic for medical clearance and transfer?

Surrogates managed by an agency were 3x more “Very satisfied” with dealing with the clinic than those who managed their surrogacy independently.
This may be attributed to the fact that agency’s responsibilities include managing all travel and medical appointment arrangements, including dealing with the clinic for medical clearance and transfer.

19.Surrogate satisfaction with clinic

How satisfied were you with: The legal aspects of surrogacy?

Surrogates managed by an agency were 168% more “Very satisfied” with dealing with the legal aspects than those who managed their surrogacy independently.
If one does not have a legal background, it can be extremely challenging drafting and redrafting legal documents between parties and with lawyers. For Agency surrogates, this is part of the accountabilities of the company.

20.Surrogate satisfaction with legal

How satisfied were you with: The birth experience preparation and at time delivery?

Independent were most Satisfied 81% of the time with the birth experience preparation and at time of deliver.
This was followed by Agency 78% of the time and Independent with IP in lead 75% of the time.

21.Surrogate satisfaction with delivery process

How satisfied were you with: The post birth and postpartum experience?

Independent surrogates were slightly more satisfied with the post birth and postpartum experience 75% of the time.
Independent with IP in lead was at 65% of the time, and Agency was at 62% of the time.

22.Surrogate satisfaction with postpartum experience

05.
SurrogateTotal Fees:
Compensation and Benefits

How satisfied were you with the compensation for being a surrogate?

Overall all Surrogates were satisfied with their compensation.
Those managed by an agency were more 46% more “Very
satisfied” with their compensation than other Independent and Independent with IP in lead.
However, when you add in Satisfied, Independent with IP in the lead goes up to 95% versus 94% for Independent and 85% for Agency.

23.Surrogate satisfaction with compensation

Approximately how much base compensation did you receive for being a surrogate?

Independent surrogates reported the highest base compensation at $57,000.
This was followed by Independent with IP in lead at $51,000 and Agency at $45,000 in base compensation.

24.Surrogate base compensation

Besides the base pay, what types of surrogacy benefits did you receive?

Surrogates managed by an agency received substantially more benefits.
Surrogates managed by agency received more in ALL categories of additional cash benefits: all bonus instances, maternity clothing, gifts, massage therapy.
Surrogates managed by agency received more non-cash benefits as well in travel expenses, legal services, life insurance.

25. Surrogate benefits received

If you were a surrogate this year, what would be your base compensation expectation?

All surrogates are expecting substantial increases in base compensation ranging from 11% to 31%.
Agency managed surrogates expect the biggest increase, whereas independent surrogates expect a lower increases.
Overall, expected compensations are now more comparable regardless of who manages the surrogacy.

  • Overall: +22%
  • Agency: +31%
  • Independent: +11%
  • Independent with IP in lead: +18%
26. Surrogate base compensation expectation

05.
SurrogateTotal Fees:
Compensation and Benefits

What types of struggles did you experience post-pregnancy?

Independent surrogates struggled 2x as much as agency surrogates with post-pregnancy.
Of those that experienced post-pregnancy struggles independent surrogates reported substantially higher rate of challenges on all accounts compared to their agency counterparts.

Of those that reported struggles, 40% of independent surrogates experienced mental health struggles post-pregnancy. Way above the national average of 10%- 20%.

28.Surrogate postpartum complications

Did you experience postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, or other emotional issues as a result of your pregnancy?

Postpartum depression and anxiety is exceptionally high among Independent surrogates.
Independent surrogates experienced postpartum anxiety 10x and depression 3x more often than their agency surrogate counterparts, respectively.
Independent surrogacy led by IP had the highest % of participants reporting no emotional experiences at 85%.

27. Surrogate postpartum mental health

Did you receive treatment for the emotional issues that were a result of your pregnancy?

More than half of Independent surrogates suffered from emotional issues as a result of surrogacy pregnancy.
Independent with IP in lead was the lowest at 31% followed by Agency at 39%.

29.Surrogate postpartum mental treatment

If the opportunity arises will you consider being a surrogate again?

Surrogates managed by agencies would Definitely consider becoming a surrogate again at 2x to 3.5x higher than independent managed journeys.
But if you add in Probably consider it, then overall all surrogates had a high level of interest in becoming a surrogate again at a 80%+ rate.

30.Surrogate willingness to repeat

06.
Conclusions and future perspectives

  • Independent Surrogates are compensated higher, but at a huge cost to physical and mental health.
  • Independent Surrogacy journeys are on the rise.
  • Surrogates working with agencies receive additional $20K-$30K+ in benefits and services.
  • Surrogates working with agencies have significantly higher rates of success at transfer – 69% vs 45%.
  • Post pregnancy crisis among independent surrogates with 80% reporting post pregnancy struggles.
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